Fiitnaam-Nam, Ilbaxnimada iyo Dhaqanka – FANAANIINTA

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Waxaa qoray PIERRE HUARD¹
(Xubin Sharafeedka École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
iyo MAURICE DURAND²
(Xubin ka ah École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Daabacaaddii 3aad ee dib loo eegay 1998kii, Imprimerie Nationale Paris,

     Bka fogaadaan kuwa naftooda u huraya cunista iyo farsamooyinka dharka (fiiri cutubyada XIV, XV, XVI)farsamayaqaanadu waxa laga yaabaa inay u qaybsamaan sidan soo socota.

1° Farsamoyaqaanno ka shaqeeya biraha ( tinmen, bronze-founders, jewelers, niellists, qadaadiicda wax shuba, saarayaasha hubka);
2° farsamayaqaannada Ceramist (Dhaliyayaal, dhoobo-sameeye, warshad-sameeyayaal, dhoobo-sameeyayaal, leben-sameeyayaal);
3° Farsamoyaqaanno alwaax ku shaqeeya (ku-biilayaasha, golaha wasiirada-sameeyayaasha, nijaarrada, madbacadaha, waraaqaha-sameeyayaasha, nijaarrada badda, farshaxan-sameeyaha);
4° Farsamoyaqaanno qabanaya shaqooyin dhar ah (tulmeyaasha suufka, jute, ramie ama xariirta, kuwa dambiilayaasha, shiraac-sameeyaha, xadhko-sameeyaha, parasol-sameeyaha, gogosha-sameeyaha, bac-sameeyayaasha, indhoolayaasha, koofiyadaha sameeya, maro-sameeyaha iyo koofiyadda-sameeyaha);

5° Farsamoyaqaanno ka shaqeeya maqaar (Hargoobaha iyo Kabaha Sameeya);
6 ° Farsamoyaqaannada Lacquerware;
7 ° Qorayaasha alwaax iyo dhagax;
8° Farsamoyaqaannada ka shaqeeya qolofka, geesaha iyo fool-maroodiga;
9° Farsamoyaqaanno soo saara walxaha cibaadada.

     A Farsamoyaqaannadan qayb weyn ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen shaqaale xor ah. Laakiin Maxkamadda Huế uma kala soocin fannaaniinta iyo farsamayaqaannada waxayna lahaayeen aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo dawladeed oo dhab ah oo ka kooban daabacayaal, dhejiyeyaal, niellists, lacquerers, sculptors, shaqaale fool-maroodi iyo dahablayaal.

     VAaladaha ietnamese waa kuwo fudud, fudud, fudud in la sameeyo, si fiican ula qabsada mashaakilaadka ay tahay in farsamayaqaanka xariif ah uu ku xaliyo dulqaadashada oo aanu isku dayin in uu waqtigiisa dhaqaale ku bixiyo.

      Sbiraha iyo boolasha waxaa badiyaa lagu beddelaa geeso alwaax ah. Qalabka hadda aadka loo isticmaalo waa: kabaallayaasha, trestles, alwaaxyada xaabada, saxaaradda arooska, [Bogga 188] taayirrada ilka leh, geed faalso ah iyo taayirrada lugaha, xoogga haydarooliga (Biyaha-shiidalka, beeralayda bariiska-husking), Matoorada bini'aadamka badelaha, abuurka-harrows, taayirrada yaryar iyo bistoonnada (kaas oo asalkiisu u muuqday inuu dib ugu laabanayo dhaqanka synthetic ee koonfurta-bari ee ka dhex jira dhaqanka Sino-Vietnamese laftiisa ayaa ku takhasusay).

     MErcier ayaa si fiican u xoojiyay sifooyinka qalabkan. Laakin, aad ayaan uga fognahay mowduucan, wax u dhigma Rudolf Hummer ee Shiinaha shaqada.

     CRafalayaasha isla mar ahaantaana waa ganacsato. Sida Roomaanka iyo reer Yurub-dhexe, waxay xafidaan xisaabaadkooda iyagoon isticmaalin xisaabinta qalinka iyo qalinka. Xisaabinta noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu beddelay abacus Shiinaha. Mid ka mid ah sifooyinka Luong The Vinh (dhakhtar 1463) shaqo xisaabeed cinwaankeedu yahay "Aad baad u mahadsantahay" (Qaabka xisaabinta oo dhameystiran) taasi waxay noqon kartaa beddelka buug Vũ Huu, mid ka mid ah asxaabtiisa, oo lagu daweynayo isticmaalka abacus. Ganacsatada Shiinaha ayaa wali isticmaala abacus, laakiin asxaabtooda Vietnamese waxay u muuqdaan inay ka tageen. Despierres ayaa dhawaan sameeyay daraasad ku saabsan.

    Scalaamadaha hop-calaamadaha mararka qaarkood waxay muujinayaan magacyada milkiilayaasha. Waxay badiyaa soo saaraan kaliya magac ganacsi, oo ka kooban laba, mararka qaarkood saddex xaraf oo Shiinaha ah (ama qoraaladooda laatiinka) loo arkaa mid wanaagsan.

    Tdabeecadiisa xương (qoraal shiinees ah tch'ang) taasi waxay tilmaamaysaa"haybad"Iyo"barwaaqo” siinayaa Vĩnh Phat Xương "Barwaaqo soo baxaysa weligeed ah" ama Mỹ Xương "qurux badan". Magacyo kale oo ganacsi ayaa laga yaabaa Vạn Bảo (toban kun oo jawharad), Đại Hưng (koritaanka weyn), Quý Ký (calaamad sharaf leh) iyo Yên Thanh (nabad qumman).
A Dhaqdhaqaaqa soo noqnoqda ee ganacsatada dhexdooda ayaa ahaa kan đõt vía đốt van.

      Cdammaanad qaadis laga yaabaa in hal mar vía lanh or iyo tốt (Qalbi wanaagsan, qalbi wanaagsan), mar kale vía xấu or vía dữ (xun, naf xun). Haddii qofka ugu horreeya qalbigiisu yahay xun or dữ Dukaanka wuu ka baxaa isagoon waxba iibsan, baayac-mushtar dheer ka dib, sidaas awgeed, macaamiisha soo socota ayaa laga yaabaa inay si fiican ugu daydaan isaga.

     IXaaladdan oo kale, mulkiilaha dukaanku waa inuu iska ilaaliyaa masiibada ah inuu gooyo oo gubo toddoba xabbadood oo caws ah oo koofiyaddiisa ah, haddii macmiilku yahay nin, iyo sagaal xabbadood, haddii macmiilku ku dhaco naag. Wuxuu isla markaas ku dhawaaqay baaqan soo socda:

             Đốt vía, đốt van, đốt thằng rắn gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lành vía thì ở, dữ vía thì đi.
         "Naftii waan gubayaa, waxaan gubayaa ninka nolosha adag, naagta qalbi qallafsan, waxaan jeclaan lahaa in nafaha wanaagsan ay haraan kuwa xununa ay baxaan.. "

       AIyadoo ay aaminsan yihiin isla khuraafaadkaas, mar kasta oo ay bilaabaan hawlgal, budhcad-badeeddu waxay dilaan qofkii ugu horreeyay ee maraa ee ay la kulmaan.

Raadraaca

+ J. Silvestre. Qoraallada loo isticmaali doono cilmi-baarista iyo kala-soocidda lacagaha iyo billadaha Annam iyo French Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Taarikada Shiinaha, Annamese, Jabbaan, qadaadiicda Kuuriya, ee qadaadiicda loo isticmaalo sida amulet ee dawladda Shiinaha iyo qoraallada gaarka ah (Noronha iyo Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Farshaxanadii hore iyo kuwa casriga ah iyo dhaqamada Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Shir lagu qabtay Diseembar 29 ka Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Désiré Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Pouchat. Warshadaha Joss-sticks ee Tonquin, gudaha Revue Indochinoise, 1910-1911.

+ Cordier. On farshaxanka annamese, ee Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Farshaxanka Tonquin (Qurxinta biraha, Jewels), gudaha Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, Juulaay – Disembar 1913, b. 279-290.
+ A. Barbotin. Warshadaha Firecrackers ee Tonquin, gudaha Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, Sebtembar–Oktoobar 1913.

+ R. Orband Makhaayadaha farshaxanka ee Minh Mạng, ee BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Farshaxanka gudaha Huế, ee BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Farshaxanka qurxinta ee Tonquin, Paris, 1922kii.
+ C. Gravelle. Fanka Annamese, ee BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Qurxinta Annamese, Paris 1926kii.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Walxaha farsamada dhoobada ee isticmaalka qaybaha dhoobada ee dugsiyada farshaxanka ee Indochina, Hanoi, 1930kii.
+ L Gilbert. Warshadaha ee Annam, ee BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasson. Macluumaad ku saabsan hababka taranta kalluunka ee tonquinese delta, 1993, b.707.

+ H. Gourdon. Fanka Annam, Paris, 1933kii.
+ Than Trọng Khôi. Kor u qaadista taayirada Quảng Nam iyo paddles norias of Thừa Thiên, 1935, p. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias ee Quảng Ngãi, ee BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Diyaargarowga saldhigga sooyada ee Annamese's limention, gudaha Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Ukumaha shimbiraha ee macmalka ah ee Cochinchina, ee Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, b. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. Shiinaha shaqada, 1937.
+ Mercier, Qalabka farsamayaqaannada Annamese, ee BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Sawirada caanka ah ee Tonquin, ee BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gouro. Warshadaha tuulada Tonquinese delta, shirweynaha caalamiga ah ee Juqraafiga, 1938.

+ P. Gouro. Geed anise-Shiine ah oo ku yaal Tonquin (war-murtiyeedka adeegyada beeraha ee Tonquin), 1938, b. 966.
+ Ch. Crevost Wadahadalada fasalada shaqada ee Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Fanka Annamese, fanka muslimiinta, ee Extreme-orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Wajiga aadanaha ee fanka magaca, gudaha CEFEO, N°18, 1^st saddexdii bilood ee 1939kii.

+ Henri Bouchon. Fasallada shaqada ee waddaniga ah iyo farshaxanno dhammaystiran, gudaha Indochine, 26 sebt. 1940kii.
+ X… — Charles Crevost. Animator ah fasalka shaqada tonquinese, gudaha Indochine, Juun 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hannh (warshado wax ku ool ah), gudaha Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Baqdin. Masters-Iacquerers ee Hanoi, ee Indochine Febraayo 6, 1941.

+ Baqdin. Lakab, gudaha Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ Baqdin. Ivory, gudaha Indochine, Janaayo 15, 1942.
+ Serene (R.) Farsamo-dhaqameed Annamese ah: Qoryo-qorid, gudaha Indochine, Oktoobar 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi oo loo yaqaan Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Qormada Farshaxanka Fiyatnaamiis), Hanoi, Madbacadda Thuỵ-ký, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Qormada fanka Annamese, Hanoi, 1944kii.
+ Paul Boudet. Annamese warqad, gudaha Indochine, Jan. 27 iyo Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Macnaha Quỳnh. Asalka iyo calaamadaynta alwaaxyada caanka ah ee Tet, gudaha Indochine, Febraayo 10, 1945.
+ Crevost iyo Petelot. Liiska alaabooyinka Indochina, tome VI. Tannins iyo tinctorials (1941). [Magacyada Vietnamese ee alaabooyinka ayaa la bixiyaa].

+ Agoosto Chevalier. Alaabta ugu horreysa ee kaymaha iyo kaymaha kale ee Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Magacyada Vietnamese ayaa la bixiyaa).
+ Lecomte. Kaynta Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Qoraalada ku saabsan wax soo saarka dhoobada ee gobolka Bình Định, gudaha BAVH, 1927, b. 149 iyo 184 (wuxuu ka kooban yahay liis wanaagsan oo dheriyo kala duwan ah Bình Đšh iyo sawiradooda iyo sidoo kale magacyadooda maxalliga ah).
+ Quusiyayaal. Shiineeska abacus, ee Sud-Est, 1951.

FAALADA :
◊ Xigasho: Connaisance du Vietnam Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Dib loo eegay Daabacaaddii 3aad 1998, Imprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Waxaa tarjumay VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Cinwaanka madaxa, sawirka sepia ee muuqda iyo dhammaan xigashooyinka waa la dejiyay Ban Tu Thu - thanhdiavietnamhoc.com

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