Fiitnaam-Nam, Ilbaxnimo iyo Dhaqan - TINSMITHS, qadaadiic, GOLDSMITHS iyo SILVERSMITHS, TINMEN, BRONZE-FOUNDERS, LOCKSMITHS

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Waxaa qoray PIERRE HUARD¹
(Xubin Sharafeedka École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
iyo MAURICE DURAND²
(Xubin ka ah École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Daabacaaddii 3aad ee dib loo eegay 1998kii, Imprimerie Nationale Paris,

      They waxay ka shaqeysay tinplate, zinc iyo tiin. Kahor imaatinka Shilalka, warshadahoodu waxay ku koobnaanayeen inay soo saaraan koofiyadaha yaryar ee koofiyadaha, koobabka saliidda ee u adeegaya sidii laambad, sanduuqyo ay ku jiraan opium iyo dhowr maacuun kale oo kala duwan. Ka dib, waxay samaysay horumar weyn. Inta uu shaqaynayo tintumiyihii dhaqanku waxa uu fadhiistaa ama fadhiisanayaa, isaga oo si tamar leh u isticmaalaya gacmihiisa iyo cagihiisa kuwaas oo labada suul ee waaweyn, ama suulka weyn iyo suulka dambe ee dib isugu noqdeen, waxa ay ka dhigan yihiin xumaan nool, jilicsan oo adag. Tani waxay ogolanaysaa in lagu soo bandhigo shayada la shaqeeyay ee hoos yimaada dhacdada la rabo ee qalabyada (faylka, dubbaha, rivet-driver) ee lagu maamulo gacmaha ee xorta ah. Ugu dambayntii, shaqada goynta, laanta ma guurto ah ee xiiridu waxay ku qotontaa suulasha weyn, halka labada gacmood midkood uu maamulayo laanta wareegta, gacanta kalena [Bogga 190] ayaa hagaya xaashida birta ah ee ay tahay in la gooyo. Erayga"quặp” waxa ay muujinaysaa fikradda ah in shay la qabto inta u dhaxaysa ta labaad iyo suulasha weyn. [Bogga 191]

QAADADA QAADADAHA

[Bogga 191]  Tqadaadiicda ugu horeysay iyo baararka dahabka ah waxa lagu shubay Hanoi by Lưu Xuân Tín, si waafaqsan farsamada Shiinaha (Tín wuxuu ku hoos noolaa Lê Thánh Tôn ie 1461).
      Tqadaadiicda hadda la shubay oo la shubay (laakiin aan la saarin) waxaa ku jira tiro aad u badan oo loam ah oo lagu qasay zine.
        Tsilsiladda wax soo saarku waa sida soo socota (sidoo kale eeg samaynta qadaadiicda (sapèques) ee Revue Indochinoise, 1900).

1. Samaynta ciidda;
2. Fiyuuska Zinc;
3. Ku shubista birta dhalaalaysa ee caaryada;
4. Kala soocida qadaadiicda la isticmaali karo.

DAHABKA IYO SILVERSMITHS

     TWaxa uu maal-qabeennada dahabtumayaasha yihiin saddexda walaalo ee Trần Hòa, Trần Điện iyo Trần Điền kuwaas oo fankooda ku bartay Shiinaha qarnigii 6aad.

    A laabta yar oo leh khaanado, oo ay ku jiraan walxo qaali ah iyo walxo ay ku shaqaynayaan, oo ay ku joojinayaan gariir toosan oo piston ah (cai bễ) ku filan dahab dhaqameed iyo qalin-tumeyaal. Dhuunta laabta ka soo baxaysa ee laabta ka soo baxaysa ayaa lagu helay god dhulka laga qoday. Laba leben iyo dhawr xabbadood oo dhuxul ah ayaa foorno ka samaysan. Mallet alwaax hubaysan oo bir ah (búa và), dhibco xardhan, dhawr alwaax ah iyo in yar oo anvil ah ayaa dhamaystiray qalabkan xirfadeed. Dhowr faraanti mooyaane (faraanti la isku qurxiyo ama silsilado silsilad ah), ma jirin soo saarista walxo waaweyn. All jewels waxaa laga sameeyey lacag ama go'yaal dahab ah, badan ama ka yar qaro weyn, shaqeeyay repoussé, qaabeeyey ama shaabadeeyey oo dhan aad u fudud marka ay tahay su'aasha ah biraha saafiga ah oo aan daawaha kasta. Jawharadaha dahabka ah ee la rusheeyey ayaa lagu dhex quusiyaa xal la karkariyey oo la ururiyey, mid ka mid ah ubaxyada sophora (hoèama tai chua pericarp (Garcinia pedunculata). Dabadeed, mid ayaa lagu dhaqaa iyaga oo lagu qubeysto baaruud-kulul oo aad u kulul. [Bogga 191]

TINMEN

      Tilaaliyaha dhaxalka waa Phạm Ngọc Thành kaas oo farsamada Shiinaha ku soo bandhigay Waqooyiga Vietnam ilaa 1518.
      [Bogga 192] Tdheryaha wax lagu kariyo ee bariiska ah ee laga sameeyay naxaasta la tumay, ee leh qaloocyada xirfada leh ee lagu dhejiyay beddelka, waxay caddeeyaan farsamo qumman, oo ay la dhacsan yihiin aqoon-yahannada.

Aasaasayaasha naxaasta

     TDhaxal sugaha waa bonze Khổng Lộ oo bartay dhalaalka naxaasta ee Shiinaha oo ku faafiyay farsamada Waqooyiga Vietnam 1226. Saamaynta shisheeye ee qalaad waa in la xuso sida Jean de la Croix, Portuguese hybreed, cannon-founder ee Huế (qarnigii 18-aad). Dhumayska lumay ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa mid sharaf leh. Taallada Trần Vũ (pagoda si sax ah loogu yeero kan Buddha Weyn ee Hanoi) iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa firfircoon ee Huế waxay muujinayaan xirfadda aasaasayaasha bronze-ka Vietnamese (sidoo kale eeg Chochod, Hababka Aasaaska ee ka shaqeeya Annam, gudaha BEFEO, IX, 155).

LOCKSMITHS

      SDhaqanka inoidku wuxuu yaqaannaa qufulka rullaluistuadka iyo istaarka guga, oo inta badan loo shaqeeyo in lagu xidho qaybo waaweyn oo alaabta guriga ah. Dhaqankii soo jireenka ahaa ee Fietnam-ka, qufulka lama garanayo oo albaabbada guryaha waxa lagu xidhaa xidhid, iyadoo la isticmaalayo baararka alwaax ah.

Raadraaca

+ J. Silvestre. Qoraallada loo isticmaali doono cilmi-baarista iyo kala-soocidda lacagaha iyo billadaha Annam iyo French Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Taarikada Shiinaha, Annamese, Jabbaan, qadaadiicda Kuuriya, ee qadaadiicda loo isticmaalo sida amulet ee dawladda Shiinaha iyo qoraallada gaarka ah (Noronha iyo Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Farshaxanadii hore iyo kuwa casriga ah iyo dhaqamada Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Shir lagu qabtay Diseembar 29 ka Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Désiré Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Pouchat. Warshadaha Joss-sticks ee Tonquin, gudaha Revue Indochinoise, 1910-1911.

+ Cordier. On farshaxanka annamese, ee Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Farshaxanka Tonquin (Qurxinta biraha, Jewels), gudaha Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, Juulaay – Disembar 1913, b. 279-290.
+ A. Barbotin. Warshadaha Firecrackers ee Tonquin, gudaha Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, Sebtembar–Oktoobar 1913.

+ R. Orband Makhaayadaha farshaxanka ee Minh Mạng, ee BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Farshaxanka gudaha Huế, ee BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Farshaxanka qurxinta ee Tonquin, Paris, 1922kii.
+ C. Gravelle. Fanka Annamese, ee BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Qurxinta Annamese, Paris 1926kii.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Walxaha farsamada dhoobada ee isticmaalka qaybaha dhoobada ee dugsiyada farshaxanka ee Indochina, Hanoi, 1930kii.
+ L Gilbert. Warshadaha ee Annam, ee BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasson. Macluumaad ku saabsan hababka taranta kalluunka ee tonquinese delta, 1993, b.707.

+ H. Gourdon. Fanka Annam, Paris, 1933kii.
+ Than Trọng Khôi. Kor u qaadista taayirada Quảng Nam iyo paddles norias of Thừa Thiên, 1935, p. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias ee Quảng Ngãi, ee BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Diyaargarowga saldhigga sooyada ee Annamese's limention, gudaha Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Ukumaha shimbiraha ee macmalka ah ee Cochinchina, ee Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, b. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. Shiinaha shaqada, 1937.
+ Mercier, Qalabka farsamayaqaannada Annamese, ee BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Sawirada caanka ah ee Tonquin, ee BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gouro. Warshadaha tuulada Tonquinese delta, shirweynaha caalamiga ah ee Juqraafiga, 1938.

+ P. Gouro. Geed anise-Shiine ah oo ku yaal Tonquin (war-murtiyeedka adeegyada beeraha ee Tonquin), 1938, b. 966.
+ Ch. Crevost Wadahadalada fasalada shaqada ee Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Fanka Annamese, fanka muslimiinta, ee Extreme-orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Wajiga aadanaha ee fanka magaca, gudaha CEFEO, N°18, 1^st saddexdii bilood ee 1939kii.

+ Henri Bouchon. Fasallada shaqada ee waddaniga ah iyo farshaxanno dhammaystiran, gudaha Indochine, 26 sebt. 1940kii.
+ X… — Charles Crevost. Animator ah fasalka shaqada tonquinese, gudaha Indochine, Juun 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hannh (warshado wax ku ool ah), gudaha Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Baqdin. Masters-Iacquerers ee Hanoi, ee Indochine Febraayo 6, 1941.

+ Baqdin. Lakab, gudaha Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ Baqdin. Ivory, gudaha Indochine, Janaayo 15, 1942.
+ Serene (R.) Farsamo-dhaqameed Annamese ah: Qoryo-qorid, gudaha Indochine, Oktoobar 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi oo loo yaqaan Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Qormada Farshaxanka Fiyatnaamiis), Hanoi, Madbacadda Thuỵ-ký, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Qormada fanka Annamese, Hanoi, 1944kii.
+ Paul Boudet. Annamese warqad, gudaha Indochine, Jan. 27 iyo Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Macnaha Quỳnh. Asalka iyo calaamadaynta alwaaxyada caanka ah ee Tet, gudaha Indochine, Febraayo 10, 1945.
+ Crevost iyo Petelot. Liiska alaabooyinka Indochina, tome VI. Tannins iyo tinctorials (1941). [Magacyada Vietnamese ee alaabooyinka ayaa la bixiyaa].

+ Agoosto Chevalier. Alaabta ugu horreysa ee kaymaha iyo kaymaha kale ee Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Magacyada Vietnamese ayaa la bixiyaa).
+ Lecomte. Kaynta Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Qoraalada ku saabsan wax soo saarka dhoobada ee gobolka Bình Định, gudaha BAVH, 1927, b. 149 iyo 184 (wuxuu ka kooban yahay liis wanaagsan oo dheriyo kala duwan ah Bình Đšh iyo sawiradooda iyo sidoo kale magacyadooda maxalliga ah).
+ Quusiyayaal. Shiineeska abacus, ee Sud-Est, 1951.

FAALADA :
◊ Xigasho: Connaisance du Vietnam Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Dib loo eegay Daabacaaddii 3aad 1998, Imprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Waxaa tarjumay VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Cinwaanka madaxa, sawirka sepia ee muuqda iyo dhammaan xigashooyinka waa la dejiyay Ban Tu Thu - thanhdiavietnamhoc.com

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