CHỮ NÔM ama Qoraalkii hore ee Fiyatnaamiis iyo Kaalintiisii ​​Hore ee Suugaanta Vietnamese - Qeybta 2

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Nguyễn Khắc-Kham*

Continued lasii wado qeybta 1:

Qaabka dhiska qoraalka Nôm **

    Ilaa iyo inta laga xukumayo buugaag-madax-weyneedka suugaanta Fiyatnaamiis ee Chu Nm, qoraalkaani ma ahan mid loo jecel yahay oo aan macquul ahayn sida qaar ka mid ah dhaliiliyaasha ay sheegteen. Xaqiiqdii, waxaa lagu maamulay xeerar sax ah oo xitaa adag.

    Daraasaddeena hore ee ku saabsan Amaah shisheeye ee Fiyatnaamiis waxaan siinay tusaalooyin qaar ka mid ah qaababkeeda guud. Waxaan uga faa'iideysan doonnaa fursaddaan si aan ugu sharraxno qaab dhismeedkeeda sida ugu wanaagsan ee aan ugu kari karno agabka aan helno.

   Sida saxda ah ee uu arkay Prof. Rokuro Miyaao, Fiyatnaamiis Chu Nm waxay muujineysaa wax la mid ah sida Jabaan Kana iyo Jabaaniga Kokuji . Kuwa soo socdaa waa tusaalooyin uu bixiyay. Gudaha kojiki 古 事 記, akhrinta codadka iyo naxwaha ee jilayaasha Shiinaha oo iyagana loo adeegsaday gudaha Cữ Nôm labadoodaba waxay u shaqeeyaan shirkaddeeda kombuyuutarrada Omaya Yasumaro. Markaa wakiillada codka ayaa loo adeegsadaa magacyada saxda ah ee / susa / of, for / suga / of. Qaabkan cod-bixinta ayaa gebi ahaanba lagu qaatay heesta caanka ah ee ka bilaabmaysa “Yakumo tatu…” Wakiilka codku ma ahan wax awood badan oo hadda jira marka laga reebo magacyada iyo heesaha saxda ah. Xitaa magacyada saxda ah habka codku marwalba lama aqbalo 須 佐 之 男 命 (hayasusanowo) waxaa matalaya habka Semantic marka laga reebo / susa /, oo sidoo kale ku badan tusaalooyinka noocan oo kale ah 賀 宮 sida ku jirta (Asinaduti) 名 椎 (Inada-maya Miyanusi) iwm Ka sokow labada tusaale ee aan kor ku soo xusnay, Prof. Rokuro Miyaao sidoo kale soo xigtay tusaalayaasha tan {ima, goor hore {fazime, Waqti {toki, daruur {kumo, {uta, {kami, {kuby. The hui-i jilayaasha cusub ee la abuuray ayaa laga helay labadaba Japan iyo Vietnam, tusaale ahaan,  gioi waxaa lagu abuuray isku darka dabeecada iyo. Jilayaasha ayaa ka abuurmay Japan, waxa loogu yeero Kokuji (Dabeecad qaran) tusaale (sasaki), (taage), (mori) iwm the waa horumarka ka hui-i jilayaasha si la mid ah sida Dabeecad dabeecad, giời.

    In kasta oo dhammaan waxyaabahan la midka ah ay muuqdaan, marka la eego kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya luqadaha Jaban iyo Fiyatnaamiis sida nidaamkooda codkarnimo iyo asalka taariikhiga ah ee saameynta qorista Shiinaha, qaab dhismeedka Chu Nm dhawray asal ahaan kala duwan, sida muuqata si muuqata ugusoo muuqatay astaamaha qaabkeeda kala duwan.

   Jilayaasha Shiinaha ayaa soo amaahday Cữ Nôm si loogu matalo hal morphene oo Fiyatnaamiis ah waxaa loo adeegsan karaa kelinimo ama isku darka.

I. Hal dabeecad oo Shiine ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu matalo

1) A Fiyatnaamiis morphene asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Shiinaha, kaas oo leh akhrinta saan-Vietnamese iyo macnaha astaamaha u dhigma ee Shiinaha.
Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha đau (madaxa), ah (dhac, tunic).

2) A Fiitnaam Fiyatnaam asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Shiinaha kaas oo dhawray macnaha dabeecada u dhiganta ee Shiinaha laakiin aqrinta Fiyatnaamiis ay waxyar ka duwantahay aqrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee dabeecada u dhiganta Shiinaha.

Ex:: dabeecad Shiinaha sharciga, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: php waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme phép (sharciga, xukunka). 
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha calanka, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis kỳ waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme co (calanka).
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: kiEu waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme cau (buundada).

3) A Fiyatnaamiis morphene laga yaabee inuu asal ahaan kasoo jeedo Shiinaha, oo macnahoodu la mid yahay kan dabeecada Shiinaha u dhigma laakiin aqrintiisa marka loo barbar dhigo akhrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee dabeecada Shiinaha si weyn ayaa wax looga badalay.

Ex .:  + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: QuyEn waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme cuon (si loo rogo). 
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha Buug, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis ban, bon waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme von (raasamaal, maal).

4) A Fiitnaam Fiyatnaam oo ah macno isku mid ah oo la mid ah dabeecadaha Shiinaha ee u dhigma laakiin akhriskoodu aad uga duwan yahay aqrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee ku saabsan.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: daadch, waxaa loo istcimaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme viEc (shaqada, shaqada, shaqada).

5) A Fiitnaam Fiyatnaam oo akhriskoodu la mid yahay kan la mid ah akhrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee dabeecada u dhiganta ee Shiinaha laakiin macnahoodu gabi ahaanba ka duwan yahay.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: adinba (waran, waran) Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme adinba (in laga gudbo). 
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha Maya, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: mot (inaad biyo ku baaba'do, oo aad biyo gasho) Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme mot (mid ka mid).

    Labadan tusaalood, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis ee dabeecada Shiinaha ayaa runtii lamid ah tan akhrinta morpheme-ka Fiyatnaamis.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis san marado (guduud, vermilion) waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo miinada Vietnamese cho (in la siiyo). 
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis ky or cơ (chow, go'doomin) waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo Vietnamese morpheme kia (xaggaas, taasi).

    Labadii tusaale ee ugu dambeeyay, aqrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee dabeecada Shiinaha waxay u dhowdahay akhrinta morpheme-ka Vietnamese matalay.

   noocan oo kale ah Chu Nm sida lagu soo daray qaybaha labaad, saddexaad, afraad iyo shanaad ee kor ku xusan Dương Quaee Ham17 waxaa tixgeliyey by Ho Ngamacan18 sida ka tirsan isla qaybtaas Chu Nm matalaya jilayaasha Shiinaha oo aqrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis waxay soo bandhigaan waxyaalo la mid ah akhrinta Vietnamese.

   Waxa jira, iyada oo loo eegayo kan dambe, dhawr xaaladood oo ka mid ah dhawaaqyadan codka ee kuwan soo socda:

1) Dhawaaqa u eg inta udhaxeysa akhrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee dabeecada Shiinaha iyo aqrinta hal ama dhowr Vietnamese mooyee marka laga reebo qoraaga bilowga ah.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha gole, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: ban laga yaabaa inuu matalo phan in Nm.

2) Dhawaaqa u eg kaliya ahaan meeraha kama dambaysta ah ama kaliya sidii shaqalka dhalada ama shaqalka dhalada ka hor imaneyaha ugu dambeeya.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , waa la aqrin karaa hop, hap, hiEp or hop.

3) Mararka qaarkooda, aqrinta Sino-Vietnamese ee dabeecada Shiinaha ee loo adeegsaday inay mataleyso fiyatnaamis Fiyatnaam waxay ku kala geddisan tahay kan dambe labadaba barta bilowga iyo isugeynta ugu dambeysa.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: chuc sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, chac or giac.

4) Dhawaaqa u eg loo tixgeliyey inay sidan oo kale yihiin inkastoo ay kala duwan yihiin codadka.

Ex:: dabeecad Shiinaha , Sino-Fiyatnaamiis ngam waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo, gudaha Nm, ngam, ngam or ngam.

    In la fahmo kor ku xusan iyo tusaalooyinka kale ee la midka ah Cữ Nôm, waa inaan ogaano shibannada bilowga ah, waa shaqalaha ama shaqooyinka dhallinta, kuwaas oo ereybixinta kama dambeysta ah ee erayga Sino-Vietnamese ee u dhigma dabeecadaha Shiinaha iyo in morpheme-ka Vietnamese lagu matali karo Nm loo adeegsaday in loo tixgeliyo sidii wax isweydaarsi karaan.

J) Shibbanayaal bilow ah oo loo arko inay isku beddeli karaan matalaadda Nôm

a) Shibannada hore b-, ph-, v-

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: boc oo matalaya gudaha Nm sida Vietnamese morphemes sida boc iyo biii sidoo kale wakiil ayaa laga yaabaa voc
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha gole, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: bản sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan gudaha Nm phản, b.n or ván.

b) Shibbaneyaal bilow ah c-, k-, gh-, qu-

    Shirarka bilowga ah c-, k-, gh-, qu- la isku beddeli jiray.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha iyo, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis cap sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, cap, gap or kaadp
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: quan, waxaa laga yaabaa inay matalaan wali ee Nôm.

c) Shibannada hore d-, t-, v-

    Shirarka bilowga ah d-, t-, v- la isku beddeli jiray.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha Galmo, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: tii or rayh sidoo kale wakiil ayaa laga yaabaa dhegdhegaysan in Nm
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha joogso, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: ình sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, daah or ành.

d) Shibannada hore ch-, gi- iyo in ka yar si joogto ah tr-, x-

  Shirarka bilowga ah ch-, gi- iyo in ka yar si joogto ah tr-, x- la isku beddeli jiray.

Ex:: dabeecad Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: joodar sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, Chup, giúp, xup, or xorr.

e) Shibannada hore l-, r-, tr-

    Shirarka bilowga ah l-, r-, tr- la isku beddeli jiray.

Ex .: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: luat sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, lamat, luot, jiift, ramat or trot.

B) Syllables waxaa loo arkaa inay isku beddeli karaan matalaadda gudaha Waa hagaag

a) ac, ắc, ấc, ức, ước

    ac, ắc, ấc, ức, ước loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha waqooyi, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: Waqooyi sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, bấc, bc or tallaabo.

b) ach, ach, iếc, iwm

   ach, ach, iếc, iwm loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: daadch sidoo kale wakiil ayaa laga yaabaa viEc in Nm
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha Casaan, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: xiise, sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, xaaq or xaaq.

c) ai, ay, ây, oai, oay, oi, oi, ôi, ơi, uôi, ươi, ui, ưi, e, ê, i, ia iyo mararka qaarkood .a

   ai, ay, ây, oai, oay, oi, oi, ôi, ơi, uôi, ươi, ui, ưi, e, ê, i, ia iyo mararka qaarkood .a isweydaarsan karaan.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha Taageero, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: chi sidoo kale wakiil ayaa laga yaabaa chia in Nm;
+ Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: b sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, bE or vua.

d) am, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iêm, om, ôm, ơm, um, ươm

   am, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iêm, om, ôm, ơm, um, ươm loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado. 

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: am sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay matalaan, gudaha Nm, âm, .em or đơm.

e) an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uâ, on, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn

    an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uâ, on, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado. 

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: waa waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo waa in Nm.19

f) ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương

    ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado. 

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha Guddi, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: .ng waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo, gudaha Nm, dang or chung.

g) ong, ung, ung iyo mararka qaarkood .ng

    on, ông, ưng iyo mararka qaarkood ưng waa la beddeli karaa.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha ee, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: dng waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo, gudaha Nm, doog, digo.

h) an, ah, inh, inh, iêng, ang, ưng

    an, ah, inh, inh, iêng, ang, ưng loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado. 

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha Dhalo, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: sinh or san waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo si in Nm.

i) ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ,a, ưu

    ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ,a, ưu loo isticmaalaa in la isweydaarsado.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: lao waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay sidii hsiai-shêng si ay u matalaan lao, Lau, trao or tababarka.

j) ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ,p, kor, ưp, ươp

    ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ,p, kor, ưp, ươp way is beddeli karaan.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha iyo, Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: cap waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo, gudaha Nm, gap, gap or kaadp.

k) at, ,t, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ,t, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt, waa

    at, ,t, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ,t, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt, waa way is beddeli karaan.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: - Waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo gudaha Nm, at, Ut or it.

l) et, ,t, iêt, waa

    et, ,t, iêt, waa way is beddeli karaan.

Ex.: + Dabeecadda Shiinaha , Akhrinta Sino-Fiyatnaamiis: hiEt Waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu matalo gudaha Nm hEt or hiit.

FG: Tusaalooyinka kor ku xusan, waxaan aragnaa in dhowr ah Chu Nm waxaa lagu sameeyay bedelka ma aha oo keliya shibannada bilowga ah, laakiin sidoo kale dhawaaqyada ugu dambeeya iyo mararka qaarkood xitaa codadka.

Ex .: +  iyo waa la aqrin karaa cap, gap, kaadp or qaadp; waa la aqrin karaa ngam, ngam or gam.

… Sii wad qeybta 3…

FADLAN BADAN:
◊  CHỮ NÔM ama Qoraalkii hore ee Fiyatnaamiis iyo Kaalintiisii ​​Hore ee Suugaanta Vietnamese - Qeybta 3.
◊  CHỮ NÔM ama Qoraalkii hore ee Fiyatnaamiis iyo Kaalintiisii ​​Hore ee Suugaanta Vietnamese - Qeybta 1.

FAALADA:
15 Nguyễn Khắc-Kham,Amaah shisheeye ee Fiyatnaamiis”, Daraasaadka Deegaanka iyo Dhaqanka, lambar 19, Jaamacadda Tokyo ee Daraasaadka Dibadda, 1969 p. 142-175.
16  Kono Rokuro,Qoraalka Shiinaha iyo saameynta uu ku leeyahay Qoraallada Dadka Deganka ah oo tixraac gaar ah u leh Kuuriya iyo Japan, Memoirs of waaxda cilmi baarista ee Toyo Bunko (Maktabadda Oriental) Maya 27. Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1969. pp 117-123., 要 解 國語 [Adigu adigu waad ku mahadsan tahay], 國 文法 辭典, 文學 博士 湯 氵 尺 幸 吉 郎 監 介 寺, 寺 瀨 光 男 東京, 東京 堂堂, bogga 66. 
17  Dương Quảng Hàm,Le chữ nôm ou écriture démotique. Muhiimadda ay leedahay dans l'étude de l'ancienne littérature Annamite”, Bulletin de l'Instruction Publique de l'Indochine No 7, Mars 1942 vaad (caraf, dhadhamin) sida loo isticmaalay in lagu qoro morpheme Vietnamese mui. Sikastaba, qoraagaani wuxuu qabaa in dabeecada Shiinaha laga yaabo in la aqrin lahaa mui by Fiyatnaamiis ilaa bilowgii bilawgii boqortooyadii T'ang ee Shiinaha iyadoo ku dayacan akhriska Shiinaha. (eeg H. Maspero, “Quelques mots Annamites d'origine Chinoise" BEFEO, no 3, 1916, p. 35-39). Marka loo eego waxay noqon kartaa a chu Nm oo taariikhdiisu ay ka horreysay qarnigii siddeedaad. 
18 RP Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Hoos ka Akhriso, Littunheem Annamite, Imprimerie de la Société des Ergooyinka Etrangères, Hong Kong, 1933 pp 162-166. 
19  Tusaalahan waxaa bixiyay qoraaga halkii taas oo, sida laga soo xigtay Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, waxaa loo isticmaalay in laguugu soo celiyo nmm rnn, ruun or rnn.

BAN TU THƯ
03 / 2020

FAALADA:
** Cinwaanka qaybaha, qoraallada geesinimada leh iyo muuqaalka sepia ee muuqaalka leh waxaa dejiyay Ban Tu Thu - thanhdiavietnamhoc.com
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